Around the year 305 AD, in a remote oasis village at the southern edge of Roman Egypt, a gravedigger named Soulis and his wife did what countless couples have done before and since. They ended their marriage. What makes their separation remarkable is that the paperwork survives, and that it blames the whole thing on a demon.
The document, a deed of divorce written in Greek on papyrus and today held in the British Library, comes from Kysis, a small settlement in the Great Oasis, the vast depression in Egypt’s Western Desert now known as Kharga. Dated to 305 or 306 AD, during the joint reign of the emperors Diocletian and Maximian, it records the formal, mutually agreed dissolution of a marriage between two members of the village’s community of nekrotaphoi, the professional undertakers and gravediggers who prepared, transported, and buried the dead.
Blaming the evil spirit
The deed’s most striking feature is its explanation for the split. Rather than assigning fault to either spouse, the text attributes the marriage’s failure to the influence of an evil demon, a malicious spirit said to have entered the couple’s life together and driven them apart. On its face, the phrasing reads like a piece of genuine folk belief, and it may well reflect one. But papyrologists have long noted something else about it. The evil demon appears again and again in divorce documents from late antique and Byzantine Egypt, recurring so consistently that it eventually hardened into standard legal boilerplate, a formula couples and their scribes reached for the way modern divorce filings cite irreconcilable differences.
That formula did useful work. By blaming a supernatural intruder, the deed allowed both parties to dissolve the marriage without either one accepting blame, preserving reputations and easing what was, in practice, a negotiated and consensual separation. Whether Soulis and his wife personally believed a demon had wrecked their household, or simply signed the customary phrasing their scribe supplied, the language let them part on formally equal terms.
An amicable ending, in writing
The substance of the deed is strikingly even-handed. Each spouse acknowledges that the other has fulfilled every legal obligation arising from the marriage. Neither retains any claim against the other. And both are explicitly declared free to go their separate ways, including the freedom to marry again without objection or penalty. In a legal culture where divorce could easily become a battleground over dowry restitution and property, the document records something closer to a clean, mutually witnessed release.
That even-handedness fits what scholars know about marriage and divorce in Roman Egypt more broadly. Surviving deeds of divorce from across the province, some dating back centuries earlier, routinely show wives acting as full legal parties, acknowledging the return of their dowries, renouncing future claims, and securing their right to remarry, evidence that ordinary women held a meaningful measure of legal agency in ending a marriage, not merely enduring its dissolution.
The gravediggers of Kysis
The deed does not survive alone. It belongs to a cluster of roughly 48 papyri, excavated around 1890 and dispersed among European collectors, including the Oxford papyrologists Bernard Grenfell and Arthur Hunt, whose acquisitions later passed to the British Library, the Bodleian Library, and the Egypt Exploration Society. Together the documents trace a single family of Kysis gravediggers across some eighty years, from roughly 237 to 314 AD.
The archive paints an unexpectedly vivid picture of this family’s world. The gravedigging trade at Kysis was a genuine family profession in which men and women appear to have participated almost equally. The family members themselves seem to have been illiterate, their documents consistently written and signed on their behalf by others, yet they were energetic participants in legal and economic life, buying property, arranging inheritances, taking on side work, and, when a marriage failed, formally documenting its end. One related document in the Bodleian’s collection even records a female undertaker from the same community hired as a wet nurse for an abandoned foundling, a child described as having been picked up from the dung heap.
A small paper, a large window
Read on its own, the divorce of Soulis and his wife is a modest document, a few lines of legal Greek closing one household in one desert village. Read in context, it opens onto something much larger, the lived texture of ordinary life at the empire’s margins, where working families navigated marriage, property, faith, and misfortune with the same instruments of law available in the great cities of the Mediterranean. Seventeen centuries later, the demon that supposedly broke up one gravedigger’s marriage has achieved a strange kind of immortality, preserved in ink, on papyrus, in a London library.
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Sources. P.Grenf. II 76, deed of divorce, Kysis, 305 to 306 AD, British Library. Hunt, A.S., and Edgar, C.C., Select Papyri, Volume 1, no. 8 (Loeb Classical Library). Bodleian Libraries, “Discoveries and Rediscoveries,” on the nekrotaphoi archive of Kysis. Grenfell, B.P., and Hunt, A.S. (1897). New Classical Fragments and Other Greek and Latin Papyri.
After Rome annexed Egypt, wealthy Roman women could get an Egyptian divorce, which gave them more rights than a Roman divorce.